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Labial
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Coronal
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Dorsal
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Radical
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Laryngeal
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Bilabial
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Labio-dental
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Palato-alveolar
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Pharyngeal
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Epi-glottal
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Glottal
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Plosive
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pʰ | b | *tʰ | *d | kʰ | ɡ |
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Affricates
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tʃʰ | dʒ |
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Sibilant affricates
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*tsʰ | *dz |
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Nasal
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m | *n |
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Trill
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*r |
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Tap, Flap
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Lateral flap
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Fricative
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Sibilant fricatives
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*s |
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Lateral fricative
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Approximant
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Lateral approximant
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*l̥ | *l |
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Front |
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Central |
Near-back |
Back |
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Front |
Near-front |
Central |
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| Selected languages: | Khalkha |
| UPSID number: | 2166 |
| Alternate name(s): | N/A |
| Classification: | Ural-Altaic, Mongolian |
| The languages has | 33 segments |
| Frequency index: | N/A |
| Sounds: | [pʰ] [b] [*tʰ] [*d] [kʰ] [ɡ] [*s] [ʃ] [ɸ] [β] [x] [*tsʰ] [*dz] [tʃʰ] [dʒ] [*r] [*l̥] [*l] [j] [m] [*n] [ɪ] [i] [ʊ] [u] [e̠] [o̟] [ɔ] [ä] [ɔi] [ʊi] [ui] [äe̞] |
| Comments: | Khalkha is spoken primarily in Mongolia People's Republic but there are few speakers in USSR. All simple vowels appear both long and short. Khalkha Mongolian has a vowel harmony system probably based on pharyngeal cavity size (Svantesson 1985). /i, u, e, o/ have expanded pharynx ([+ATR]), though /i/ is neutral to vowel harmony in non-initial syllables. /g/ and /x/ are treated as allophones by Hangin (1968). Treatment of diphthongs is varied in sources. |
| Sources: | Hangin, J.G. 1968. Basic Course in Mongolian (Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series 73). Indiana University, Bloomington. Luvsanvandan, S. 1964. The Khalkha-Mongolian phonemic system. Acta Orientalia (Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae) 17: 175-85. Street, J.C. 1963. Khalkha Structure (Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series 24). Indiana University, Bloomington. Svantesson, J. 1985. Vowel harmony shift in Mongolian. Lingua 67:283-327. |