Use base consonants only
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View positions
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Labial
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Coronal
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Dorsal
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Radical
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Laryngeal
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Bilabial
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Labio-dental
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Palato-alveolar
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Pharyngeal
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Epi-glottal
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Glottal
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Plosive
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p pʰ | b | t tʰ | d | k kʰ | ɡ |
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ʔ |
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Ejective stops
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pʼ | tʼ | kʼ |
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Clicks
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|k |kʰ |kˀ | |g |ŋ | !̠k !̠kʰ !̠kˀ | !̠g !̠ŋ |
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Lateral clicks
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ǁk ǁkʰ ǁkˀ | ǁg ǁŋ |
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Affricates
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ts tsʰ | dz |
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Lateral affricates
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tɬ | dɮ |
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Ejective affricates
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tsʼ tɬʼ |
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Nasal
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m | n | ŋ |
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Trill
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Tap, Flap
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Lateral flap
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Fricative
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f | s | x | h | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Lateral fricative
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ɬ |
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Approximant
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j | w | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lateral approximant
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l |
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Front |
Near-front |
Central |
Near-back |
Back |
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| Selected languages: | Sandawe |
| UPSID number: | 4902 |
| Alternate name(s): | N/A |
| Classification: | Khoisan, Sandawe |
| The languages has | 54 segments |
| Frequency index: | N/A |
| Sounds: | [pʰ] [p] [b] [tʰ] [t] [d] [kʰ] [k] [ɡ] [ʔ] [pʼ] [tʼ] [kʼ] [!̠ŋ] [!̠kʰ] [!̠kˀ] [!̠k] [!̠g] [ɬ] [s] [f] [x] [tɬ] [dɮ] [tsʰ] [ts] [dz] [tɬʼ] [tsʼ] [ǁŋ] [ǁkʰ] [ǁkˀ] [ǁk] [ǁg] [|ŋ] [|kʰ] [|kˀ] [|k] [|g] [ɾ] [l] [w] [j] [m] [n] [ŋ] [i̥] [i] [u̥] [u] [e̞] [o̞] [ä] [h] |
| Comments: | Sandawe is spoken around Sanzawa and Mtoro in north-central Tanzania. The language has two level tones plus a falling tone combining these two tones. Voiceless vowels occur only in final syllables after a limited set of consonan ts and are almost always low-toned, however not all occurrences are predictgable. Velar nasal occurs syllable finally; -nasal homorganic to a medial stop or affricate is analyzed as an allophone of the velar nasal. Clusters of /w/ with most other consonants apart from labials are frequent. |
| Sources: | Dempwolff, O. 1916. Die Sandawe: Linguistisches und ethnographisches Material aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. (Abhandlungen des Hamburgischen Kolonialinstituts vol. 34.) L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg. Elderkin, E.D. 1982. Tanzanian and Ugandan isolates. Nilotic Studies. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples, Cologne, R. Vossen and M. Bechhaus-Gerst, editors. (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik, vol. 10): 499-521. Tucker, A.N., Bryan, M.A. and Woodburn, J. 1977. The East African click languages: a phonetic comparison. From: Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika. (Neue Beitrage afrikanistischer forschungen, ed. W. Mohlig, F. Rottland, B. Heine) Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin. |